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La obesidad se ha convertido en una de las mayores problemáticas de salud pública a nivel mundial, y Colombia no es ajena a esta situación. El entorno universitario constituye un escenario clave para el abordaje de esta problemática. Objetivo: Caracterizar el entorno alimentario de una universidad en Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante la observación directa y registro en formularios estructurados de todos los establecimientos de venta de alimentos. Se consideraron las siguientes variables: oferta de alimentos, precio, publicidad, facilitadores y barreras. Resultados: Ningún establecimiento se clasificó como saludable. En el 76% de los establecimientos, los paquetes o promociones eran más económicos. En el 62% de los establecimientos se observó que los platos saludables eran más costosos. Solo en dos establecimientos se observó publicidad directa para fomentar una alimentación saludable. Se ofrecían principalmente productos ultraprocesados (53%). Conclusión: los resultados del estudio muestran en general un panorama de un entorno alimentario poco saludable. Este diagnóstico se configura como un insumo importante para la toma de decisiones al interior de la institución para mejorar y promover una alimentación más saludable que permita disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas en la comunidad universitaria.
Nowadays, obesity has become one of the biggest public health challenges worldwide. This scenario includes Colombia as well. Against this background, the university environment constitutes a key scenario for addressing this situation. Research Objective: To characterize the food environment of a university in Medellín, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out through direct observation. Additionally, it was used structured forms for recording the data of the food establishments. The research considers the following variables: food supply, prices, advertising, facilitators and barriers. Results: No establishment was classified as healthy. In 76% of the establishments, the food-sets or promotions were cheaper. In 62% of the places under inspection, the healthy dishes were more expensive. Only in two establishments there was direct advertising that promoted healthy eating. In general, mainly ultra-processed edible products (53%) were offered. Conclusion: The results of the study generally paint a picture of an unhealthy food environment. This diagnosis is configured as an important input for decision-making within the institution to improve and promote a healthier diet that reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases in the university community.
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Fundamento: los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en la enfermedad de Huntington pudieran predecir el curso de la enfermedad y evaluar nuevos tratamientos, pero su naturaleza inespecífica parece impedir la identificación de algún marcador útil. Esclarecer similitudes y diferencias de este fenómeno y su comportamiento con características clínicas puede ser esencial. Objetivo comparar biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo entre pacientes con enfermedad de Huntington y con otros desórdenes neurológicos. Métodos se realizó un estudio analítico, retrospectivo y caso-control (enfermedad de Huntington esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, ataxia espinocerebelosa tipo 2 e ictus isquémico: en etapa aguda y crónica). Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas y marcadores de daño oxidativo (malonildialdehído, productos avanzados de oxidación a proteínas) y antioxidantes (superóxido dismutasa: catalasa: glutatión peroxidasa, capacidad antioxidante del plasma). Resultados hubo diferencias significativas del malonildialdehído en la enfermedad de Huntington respecto al control (p=0,02), pero no con el resto de los grupos. La enzima superóxido dismutasa en enfermedad de Huntington fue menor estadísticamente en comparación con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, aunque para la catalasa fue superior en relación con el resto de los pacientes. El FRAP en enfermedad de Huntington resultó menor significativamente versus esclerosis lateral amiotrófica e ictus isquémico agudo. Los productos avanzados de la oxidación de proteína se correlacionaron directamente con las edades biológicas y de inicio de la enfermedad de Huntington. La actividad motora en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y el déficit neurológico en el ictus isquémico agudo se correlacionaron con el malonildialdehído y glutatión peroxidasa respectivamente. Conclusiones la enfermedad de Huntington parece mostrar características específicas en su sistema antioxidante. La oxidación de proteínas pudiera estar relacionada con la acumulación de huntingtina mutada en el tiempo.
Foundation: biomarkers of oxidative stress in Huntington's disease could predict the course of the disease and evaluate new treatments, but their nonspecific nature seems to prevent the identification of any useful marker. Clarifying similarities and differences of this phenomenon and its behavior with clinical characteristics may be essential. Objective: compare biomarkers of oxidative stress between patients with Huntington's disease and other neurological disorders. Methods: an analytical, retrospective and case-control study was carried out (Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and ischemic stroke: acute and chronic stage). Demographic and clinical variables and markers of oxidative damage (malonildialdehyde, advanced protein oxidation products) and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase: catalase: glutathione peroxidase, plasma antioxidant capacity) were collected. Results: there were significant differences in malonyldialdehyde in Huntington's disease compared to the control (p=0.02), but not with the rest of the groups. The enzyme superoxide dismutase in Huntington's disease was statistically lower compared to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, although for catalase it was higher in relation to the rest of the patients. FRAP in Huntington's disease was significantly lower versus amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and acute ischemic stroke. Advanced products of protein oxidation were directly correlated with the biological and onset ages of Huntington's disease. Motor activity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neurological deficit in acute ischemic stroke were correlated with malonyldialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase, respectively. Conclusions: huntington's disease seems to show specific characteristics in its antioxidant system. Protein oxidation could be related to the accumulation of mutated huntingtin over time.
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Resumo O manejo inadequado da diabetes mellitus (DM) pode levar a complicações que afetam a qualidade de vida. A prevalência da DM e suas complicações está aumentando, apresentando distribuição desigual na população. O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de complicações devido à DM e avaliar as desigualdades na população brasileira. Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), de 2019. As complicações avaliadas foram: coma diabético, infarto/Acidente Vascular Cerebral/derrame, problema nos rins, problema na visão e úlcera nos pés ou amputação. As exposições foram a escolaridade e renda. Foram calculadas as prevalências das complicações separadamente, combinação em duplas, presença de alguma complicação e número de complicações. A desigualdade foi estimada por meio de análise ajustada e dos índices: slope index (SII) e o concentration index (CIX). A amostra foi composta por 6.317 pessoas com DM. Mais de um terço (37,8%) referiu ter alguma complicação. O problema na visão (30,6%) e nos rins (9,7%) foram os mais prevalentes. As prevalências de ter "uma" e "duas ou mais" complicações foram 25,4% e 12,4%. Foram evidenciadas desigualdades com maior prevalência de complicações entre os menos escolarizados e mais pobres.
Abstract Inadequate management of diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to complications that affect quality of life. The prevalence of DM and its complications is increasing, presenting an uneven distribution in the population. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of complications due to DM and to assess inequalities in the Brazilian population. It involved a cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 National Health Survey (NHS). The complications evaluated were: diabetic coma, heart attack/cerebrovascular accident/stroke; kidney problem; vision problem and foot ulcer or amputation. The related factors were schooling and income. The prevalence of complications was calculated separately, combination in pairs, presence of any complications and number of complications. Inequality was estimated through adjusted analysis and the slope index (SII) and concentration index (CIX) indices. The sample consisted of 6,317 people with DM. More than a third (37.8%) reported having some complication. Vision problems (30.6%) and kidney problems (9.7%) were the most prevalent. The prevalence of having "one" and "two or more" complications were 25.4% and 12.4%, respectively. Inequalities were found with a higher prevalence of complications among the least educated and the poorest.
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Las evidencias epidemiológicas ponen de manifiesto que los hábitos de vida, particularmente los dietéticos, tienen influencia directa en la calidad y expectativa de vida. La nutrición es uno de los factores claves para desarrollar cualquier actividad física o simplemente, para sentir bienestar. La evaluación nutricional en un paciente tiene un efecto directo en el tratamiento fisioterapéutico por lo que, para optimizar realmente la reparación y el proceso de su recuperación, el fisioterapeuta le brinda la orientación nutricional que requiera. Solo una ingesta adicional de nutrientes naturales no es suficiente, es necesario complementarlo con otras herramientas terapéuticas dentro de la fisioterapia. Las personas que padecen enfermedades crónicas, tienen transformaciones en la práctica alimentaria, creadas por la enfermedad de base por lo que resulta importante variar los hábitos dietéticos para lograr recuperar la salud. Es decisivo el papel del fisioterapeuta, para favorecer el apego al tratamiento nutricional de los pacientes con enfermedades no transmisibles.
Epidemiological evidence shows that life habits, particularly dietary ones, have a direct influence on quality and life expectancy. Nutrition is one of the key factors to develop any physical activity or simply to feel well-being. The nutritional evaluation in a patient has a direct effect on the physiotherapy treatment, therefore, in order to really optimize the repair and the recovery process, the physiotherapist provides the required nutritional guidance. Only an additional intake of natural nutrients is not enough, it is necessary to complement it with other therapeutic tools within physiotherapy. People suffering from chronic diseases have transformations in eating practices, created by the underlying disease, so it is important to vary dietary habits in order to regain health. The role of the physiotherapist is decisive, to promote adherence to nutritional treatment of patients with non-communicable diseases.
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There are gross inequities in access to non-communicable disease (NCD) care in India. The Indian state of Tamil Nadu recently launched the “Medicine at people’s doorstep” (Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam — MTM) scheme in which screening and medications for NCDs are delivered at people’s doorsteps. This is likely to improve geographical access to NCD services in the community. The objective of this study is to analyse the MTM scheme and recommend policy interventions for improved and equitable access to NCD services in the community. We analysed the MTM policy document using the intersectionality-based policy analysis framework. This analysis was supplemented further with literature review to enhance understanding of the various intersecting axes of inequities, such as gender discrimination, caste oppression, poverty, disabilities and geographical access barriers. The MTM policy document, while it removes the physical access barrier, does not frame the problem of NCDs from an intersectionality perspective. This can increase the chances of inequities in access to NCD services persisting despite this scheme. We also recommend interventions for the short, intermediate and long term to make NCD care more accessible. Creation of a gender, caste, class, geographical access, and disabilities disaggregated database of patients with NCDs, using this database for monitoring the delivery of MTM services, dynamic mapping of vulnerability of the target populations for delivery of MTM services and long term ongoing digital surveillance of factors inducing inequities to access of NCD services can all help reduce inequities in access to NCD care.
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Resumo A multimorbidade, presença de duas ou mais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, está diretamente associada a fatores comportamentais. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estimar a prevalência de multimorbidade em jovens brasileiros relacionando-a aos diferentes determinantes sociais e de estilo de vida. Trata-se de um estudo transversal cuja fonte de dados foi a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde em 2019. Foram selecionados dados de indivíduos com idade entre 15 e 24 anos (n = 10.460). Os fatores associados foram investigados por meio do cálculo da razão de prevalência com variância robusta, adequado para análise bivariada e multivariada. A prevalência de multimorbidade nos jovens foi estimada em 7,84% (IC95%: 7,01-8,75; N: 2.455.097). Os agravos mais comuns foram doenças mentais, depressão, asma ou bronquite e problemas crônicos de coluna. No modelo ajustado, jovens do sexo feminino (RP: 1,84; IC95%: 1,44-2,36), obesos (RP: 1,97; IC95%: 1,45-2,68) e ex-fumantes (RP: 1,46; IC95%: 1,12-1,90) apresentaram maiores prevalências para multimorbidade. A razão de prevalência para multimorbidade aumentou 5% a cada ano de vida do indivíduo. Este estudo identificou uma associação de multimorbidade com determinantes sociais e estilo de vida.
Abstract Multimorbidity, namely the presence of two or more chronic non-communicable diseases, is directly associated with behavioral factors. This study sought to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity among young Brazilians by linking it to different social and lifestyle determinants. It involved a cross-sectional study of the data source, namely the 2019 National Health Survey. Data from individuals aged between 15 and 24 years (n = 10,460) were selected. Associated factors were investigated by calculating the Prevalence Ratio with robust variance, suitable for bivariate and multivariate analysis. The prevalence of multimorbidity in young people was estimated at 7.84% (95%CI: 7.01-8.75; N: 2,455,097). The most common conditions were mental illness, depression, asthma or bronchitis and chronic back problems. In the adjusted model, young females (PR: 1.84; 95%CI: 1.44-2.36), obese youths (PR: 1.97; 95%CI: 1.45-2.68) and former smokers (PR: 1.46; 95%CI: 1.12-1.90) showed a higher prevalence of multimorbidity. It was also revealed that the prevalence ratio for multimorbidity increased by 5% for each year of the individual's life. This study identified an association of multimorbidity with social determinants and lifestyle.
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Introducción: Hoy en día las enfermedades no transmisibles constituyen un grave problema que afecta el estado de salud de la población, con una tendencia ascendente preocupante. Objetivo: Identificar los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles en pacientes de un área de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 286 individuos, escogidos a través de un muestreo aleatorio bietápico en el área de salud Josué País García del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, durante el 2021. Las variables analizadas fueron antecedentes patológicos personales, consumo de productos del tabaco y alcohol, hábitos dietéticos y evaluación nutricional. Se utilizaron como medidas de resumen las frecuencias absolutas, el porcentaje y la tasa de prevalencia para variables cualitativas; la media aritmética y el mínimo e intervalo de confianza para variables cuantitativas. Resultados: El mayor riesgo de presentar hipertensión arterial figuró en las féminas (35,6 %) y existió alta prevalencia de fumadores en hombres (30,5 %) y mujeres (27,7 %). Asimismo, predominaron la exposición al humo de tabaco (fumadores pasivos) y el consumo de alcohol en edades tempranas (25-34 años). De los encuestados, 33,3 % resultó estar sobrepeso u obeso. Conclusiones: Los factores predisponentes a las enfermedades no transmisibles pudieran estar asociados con estilos de vida no saludables como el consumo de productos del tabaco y el alcohol, los hábitos dietéticos inadecuados y el sobrepeso.
Introduction: Nowadays non-communicable diseases are a serious problem that affects the health of the population, with a worrying upward tendency. Objective: To identify the predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases in patients from a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 286 individuals, chosen by a two-stage random sampling in Josué País García health area from Santiago de Cuba municipality, was carried out during 2021. The analyzed variables were personal pathological history, consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, dietary habits and nutritional evaluation. The absolute frequencies, percentage and prevalence rate were used as summary measures for qualitative variables; the arithmetic mean and the minimum and interval of confidence were used for quantitative variables. Results: The highest risk of presenting hypertension was in females (35.6%) and there was a high prevalence of smokers in men (30.5%) and women (27.7%). Also, the exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smokers) and alcohol consumption at an early age (25-34 years) prevailed. Of those interviewed, 33.3% was overweight and obese. Conclusions: The predisposing factors to non-communicable diseases could be associated with the non healthy lifestyle as the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, inadequate dietary habits and overweight.
Subject(s)
Tobacco Use Disorder , Alcoholism , Noncommunicable Diseases , Nutrition Assessment , DietABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Las enfermedades no transmisibles siguen siendo un problema creciente en el mundo, sobre todo en los países de mediano y bajo ingresos. Los programas de intervención comunitaria se enfocan en su disminución mediante cambios en estilos de vida más saludables. Objetivos: Analizar la tendencia del programa de intervención en actividad física y nutrición, como estrategia para mejorar las dislipidemias y glucemia en los participantes del proyecto DemoMinga. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con enfoque cuantitativo. Diseño de investigación acción participativa, de carácter longitudinal, prospectivo. La población estuvo constituida por los participantes del Proyecto DemoMinga. Se determinó en cada participante: colesterol total, triglicéridos y glucemia en ayunas. Las muestras fueron procesadas en el Centro de Investigaciones Médicas de la FACISA-UNE. Se determinaron indicadores de tendencia central (mediana) de cada una de las variables. Resultados: Hubo mayor participación del sexo femenino, con predominio de personas con menos de 45 años. Las mediciones químicas arrojaron una tendencia de disminución a partir del quinto año de intervención, con talleres de cocina saludable incluyendo uso de aceite alto oleico, y actividad física. Sin embargo, la prueba no arrojó diferencias significativas de las mediciones entre la línea de base y el corte a los 6 años. Conclusión: El estudio resalta la importancia de los programas de intervención mediante terapias integrales para la promoción y prevención de las enfermedades cardiometabólicas a largo plazo.
Background: Non-communicable diseases remain a growing problem worldwide, especially in middle and low-income countries. Community intervention programs are focused on reducing their prevalence through promoting healthier lifestyle changes. Objectives: To analyze the trend of the physical activity and nutrition intervention program as a strategy to improve dyslipidemia and glycemia among participants of the DemoMinga project. Materials and methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a participatory action research design, characterized as longitudinal and prospective. The population consisted of participants from the DemoMinga Project. For each participant, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glycemia were measured. Samples were processed at the Medical Research Center of FACISA-UNE. Indicators of central tendency (median) were determined for each of the variables. Results: There was a higher participation of females, with a predominance of individuals under the age of 45. Chemical measurements showed a decreasing trend starting from the fifth year of intervention, involving healthy cooking workshops that included the use of high oleic oil and physical activity. However, the test did not yield significant differences in measurements between the baseline and the 6-year cutoff. Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of intervention programs using comprehensive therapies for the long-term promotion and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Antecedentes: Las enfermedades no transmisibles siguen siendo un problema creciente en el mundo, sobre todo en los países de mediano y bajo ingresos. Los programas de intervención comunitaria se enfocan en su disminución mediante cambios en estilos de vida más saludables. Objetivos: Analizar la tendencia del programa de intervención en actividad física y nutrición, como estrategia para mejorar las dislipidemias y glucemia en los participantes del proyecto DemoMinga. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con enfoque cuantitativo. Diseño de investigación acción participativa, de carácter longitudinal, prospectivo. La población estuvo constituida por los participantes del Proyecto DemoMinga. Se determinó en cada participante: colesterol total, triglicéridos y glucemia en ayunas. Las muestras fueron procesadas en el Centro de Investigaciones Médicas de la FACISA-UNE. Se determinaron indicadores de tendencia central (mediana) de cada una de las variables. Resultados: Hubo mayor participación del sexo femenino, con predominio de personas con menos de 45 años. Las mediciones químicas arrojaron una tendencia de disminución a partir del quinto año de intervención, con talleres de cocina saludable incluyendo uso de aceite alto oleico, y actividad física. Sin embargo, la prueba no arrojó diferencias significativas de las mediciones entre la línea de base y el corte a los 6 años. Conclusión: El estudio resalta la importancia de los programas de intervención mediante terapias integrales para la promoción y prevención de las enfermedades cardiometabólicas a largo plazo.
Background: Non-communicable diseases remain a growing problem worldwide, especially in middle and low-income countries. Community intervention programs are focused on reducing their prevalence through promoting healthier lifestyle changes. Objectives: To analyze the trend of the physical activity and nutrition intervention program as a strategy to improve dyslipidemia and glycemia among participants of the DemoMinga project. Materials and methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a participatory action research design, characterized as longitudinal and prospective. The population consisted of participants from the DemoMinga Project. For each participant, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glycemia were measured. Samples were processed at the Medical Research Center of FACISA-UNE. Indicators of central tendency (median) were determined for each of the variables. Results: There was a higher participation of females, with a predominance of individuals under the age of 45. Chemical measurements showed a decreasing trend starting from the fifth year of intervention, involving healthy cooking workshops that included the use of high oleic oil and physical activity. However, the test did not yield significant differences in measurements between the baseline and the 6-year cutoff. Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of intervention programs using comprehensive therapies for the long-term promotion and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Objective: We examined the ‘nutrients of concern’ in pre-packaged food products that are commonly advertised, as per WHO standards and Nova Classification. Methods: This was a qualitative study, using a convenience sampling method, to identify advertisements of prepackaged food products. We also analyzed their content from information on the packets, and their compliance with applicable Indian laws. Results: We found that all the advertisements of the food products in this study did not provide important information about the amount of nutrients of concern i.e., total fat, sodium, and total sugars. These advertisements mostly targeted children, made health claims, and used endorsements of celebrities. All the food products were also found to be ultra-processed in nature and high in one or more nutrients of concern. Conclusion: Most of the advertisements are misleading, needing effective monitoring. Health warnings on the front-of- pack label and restrictions on marketing of such food products may go a long way in reducing non-communicable diseases.
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La ciencia y la producción del saber científico están cambiando, las partes no son el objetivo, es el todo y sus interrelaciones. La salud enfrenta nuevos retos que no pueden ser explicados por concepciones reduccionistas. Se reconoce el intento de agrupar variadas afecciones en las enfermedades no transmisibles que ocasionan las tres cuartas partes de las muertes en el mundo y en Cuba, constituyen uno de los grandes retos del desarrollo sostenible. Muchas de ellas, a pesar de su heterogeneidad y multicausalidad, comparten factores de riesgo -y protectores- comunes, que pueden ser revertidos con acciones integradas. Se comenta la frecuente comorbilidad de estas enfermedades con otras entidades, la polimorbilidad y el rol del envejecimiento en su aparición. Se resalta la presencia del estado inflamatorio crónico del endotelio y la disfunción de este órgano como posible vía final común de la patogenia, evolución y posterior expresión clínica de muchas de las conocidas como enfermedades no transmisibles, verdaderos síndromes sistémicos. Se dan un grupo de recomendaciones para mejorar su prevención y su control, con énfasis en la participación comunitaria, donde las ciencias sociales pueden aportar mucho para lograr mejores resultados, sin olvidar la susceptibilidad individual o de grupos a padecer determinadas enfermedades no transmisibles. Se considera que directivos, profesionales sanitarios, líderes formales e informales, personas, grupos y comunidades, deben capacitarse y actualizarse, en los conceptos y los enfoques de estas enfermedades para lograr el propósito de revertir sus efectos nocivos para la salud.
Science and the production of scientific knowledge are changing, the parts are not the objective, it is the whole and its interrelationships. Health faces new challenges that cannot be explained by reductionist conceptions. The attempt to group various conditions in non-communicable diseases that cause three quarters of deaths in the world and in Cuba is recognized as one of the great challenges of sustainable development. Many of them, despite their heterogeneity and multi-causality, share common risk -and protective- factors, which can be reversed with integrated actions. The frequent comorbidity of these diseases with other entities, polymorbidity, and the role of aging in their appearance are discussed. The presence of the chronic inflammatory state of the endothelium and the dysfunction of this organ are highlighted as a possible final common path of the pathogenesis, evolution and subsequent clinical expression of many of the so-called non-communicable diseases, true systemic syndromes. A group of recommendations are given to improve its prevention and control, with emphasis on the community participation of all, where the social sciences can contribute a lot to achieve better results, without forgetting individual or group susceptibility to suffering certain non-communicable diseases. It is considered that managers, health professionals, formal and informal leaders, people, groups and communities must be trained and updated in concepts and approaches to these diseases to achieve their purposes.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: La Neumonía por Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo Coronavirus 2, es un problema de Salud Pública, por su alta tasa de mortalidad en la primera ola de la pandemia. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a la Neumonía por Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo Coronavirus 2 en pacientes fallecidos internados en el área Covid y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Hospital Municipal Boliviano Holandés, Municipio El Alto, en los meses de marzo a diciembre 2020. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles, los casos 25 fueron pacientes fallecidos de neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 durante la estadía hospitalaria y los controles 75 pacientes no fallecidos por la enfermedad. La fuente de información fue el expediente clínico, ficha de notificación epidemiológica y certificado médico único de defunción. Se clasificó las causas de fallecimiento según el Código internacional de enfermedades CIE 10. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo información de 25 casos y 75 controles, relación 1:3. Pacientes fallecidos del sexo masculino 72% con p=0.040 (OR 2.77 IC 95% 1.042 - 7.449); La edad de 60 años con p=0.000 (OR 4.12 IC95% 1.596 - 10.664); lugar de residencia urbano 88%; el periodo infeccioso fue de 9.68 días (IC95%7.83-11.52), tiempo de internación 6.60 días p=0.010 (OR 4.03 IC95% 1.446 - 11.231); las Enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles 80% con p=0.040 (OR 2.98 IC95% 1.009 - 8.779); los pacientes internados en el área COVID tuvo una mortalidad de 68% con p=0.010 (OR 0.25 IC95% 0.083 - 0.774) y recibieron tratamiento farmacológico 72%. CONCLUSIÓN: El sexo masculino, mayor de 60 años y las enfermedades Crónicas no Transmisibles son un factor de riesgo para altas tasas de letalidad, resultados respaldados según Serra Valdés1.
INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is a Public Health problem, due to its high mortality rate in the first wave of the pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 pneumonia in deceased patients hospitalized in the Covid area and Intensive Care Unit of the Bolivian Dutch Municipal Hospital, El Alto Municipality, from March to December 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analytical observational study of cases and controls, 25 cases were patients who died of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia during their hospital permanence, and 75 controls were patients who did not die from the disease. The source of information was the clinical record. The method was documentary analysis, instruments were clinical histories, epidemiological notification sheet and official medical death certificate. The causes of death were classified according to the International Code of Diseases CIE 10. RESULTS: Information was obtained from 25 cases and 75 controls, ratio 1:3. 72% male patients who died with p=0.040 (OR 2.77 95% CI 1.042 - 7.449); The 60 years old with p=0.000 (OR 4.12 IC95% 1.596 - 10.664); urban area of residence 88%; the infectious period was 9.68 days (95%CI 7.83-11.52), hospitalization time 6.60 days p=0.010 (OR 4.03 95%CI 1.446 - 11.231); Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases of 80% with p=0.040 (OR 2.98 IC95% 1.009 - 8.779); The patients hospitalized in the COVID area had a mortality of 68% with p=0.010 (OR 0.25 IC95% 0.083 - 0.774) and 72% received pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSION: The male, over 60 years old and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases are a risk factor for high-risk rates in high mortality rates, results are supported by Serra Valdés1.
Subject(s)
Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
La prevención de las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles de elevada prevalencia a nivel mundial, como la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el cáncer, representa una prioridad en salud. La nueva perspectiva brindada por la epigenética sobre el origen intrauterino de las enfermedades que afectarán al ser humano durante la etapa posnatal, obliga a replantearse una nueva visión preventiva, que debe iniciarse desde el período prenatal de la vida. Con el objetivo de estructurar los referentes teóricos que sustentan la relevancia de un nuevo enfoque preventivo de las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, basado en intervenciones modificatorias de los perfiles epigenéticos desfavorables durante la etapa prenatal del desarrollo humano, se realizó una actualizada búsqueda sobre el tema, consultándose 28 referencias bibliográficas. Condiciones maternas durante la gestación, como la malnutrición, el estrés, los hábitos tóxicos y la obesidad, constituyen factores causantes de modificaciones epigenéticas desfavorables, que serán trasmitidas a futuras generaciones e incrementarán en estas el riesgo de enfermedades durante la etapa posnatal de la vida. Se concluye que las intervenciones realizadas durante el período prenatal del desarrollo humano pueden contribuir a la prevención de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, a lo que la epigenética aporta un nuevo enfoque en la prevención de este importante problema de salud.
The prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases with high prevalence around the world, such arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, represents a health priority. The new perspective given by epigenetics on the intrauterine origin of the diseases that will affect the human being during the post-natal stage, forces us to reconsider a new preventive vision which must begin from the prenatal period of life. With the aim of structuring the theoretical references that support the relevance of a new preventive approach to chronic non-communicable diseases, based on modifying interventions of unfavorable epigenetic profiles during the prenatal stage of the human development, an updated search on the subject was conducted, consulting 28 bibliographic references. Maternal conditions during pregnancy, such as malnourishing, stress, toxic habits and obesity, constitute factors that cause unfavorable epigenetic modifications, which will be transmitted to future generations and will increase in them the risk of disease during the post-natal stage of life. It is concluded that the interventions carried out during the prenatal period of human development can contribute to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, to which epigenetics provides a new approach in the prevention of this important health problem.
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Objectives: The lifestyle diseases which are becoming chronic noncommunicable disorders contribute to about 53% of death rate in India affecting the DALY to a greater extent. These lifestyle illnesses are proving to be a great challenge in public health as they are necessitating for the advanced modalities of screening techniques that have to be in place for early detection. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence and determinants of chronic illness and quality of life among rural residents of Pondicherry. Materials and Methods: The study is a descriptive observational study using a validated structured questionnaire among rural residents who have crossed the adolescent period. Results: The subjects included people aged above 18 years. It is observed that about 45.5% of the study population are between 38 and 58 years and about 24% of the study population were skilled, 10.6% are illiterate and 59.8% of the study population are not regular visitors to any health center, about 72% of them attend a health facility once in 3- 5–7 months/year. It is observed that about 24.6% have had the disease for 6–10 years. Among them, 25.9% are diabetic, 7.3% are hypertensive, 8% have both, 3.7% had asthma, 0.3% are CAD, and 0.7% had a stroke. According to physical (median = 26), psychological (median = 21), social (median = 11), and environmental (median = 29) domains, quality of life was moderately good. Conclusion: This study revealed that all the domains are affected in the quality of life even in a rural area where urbanisation and industrialisation is not establihed.
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Background: Diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, heart diseases, and cancers are diseases of public health importance in India. People with pre-existing non communicable diseases (NCDs) are vulnerable to COVID and associated complications. Risk factors for NCDs were found to have increased due to pandemic. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the impact of the COVID 19 on chronic NCDs and life style diseases. Materials and Methods: Articles from India published between March 2019 and May 2022 were searched from database such as PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar using MeSH and keywords such as “COVID 19” OR “Coronavirus” OR “SARS-2 CoVirus” AND Lifestyle diseases,” “COVID-19” OR “Coronavirus” OR “SARS-2 CoVirus” AND “Diabetes” OR “HYPERTENSION.” Summary of 18 articles was presented after inclusion and exclusion criterion and removing of duplicates. Results: Risk of COVID 19 in people with pre-existing non-communicable diseases is high, prognosis is poor, and complications are higher. COVID 19 and lockdown measures resulted in restrictions of movements, dietary and sleep pattern changes, psycho social impacts, non-availability or difficulty in procuring medicines, accessibility to health-care facilities, burden on health-care facilities, difficulties in (using or lack of awareness) about tele-consultations facilities, and thus burden of NCDs is expected to rise in future. Conclusions: COVID 19 pandemic had direct and indirect impact on screening, diagnosis and management of patients with NCDs. Burden of NCDs may rise thereby putting extra burden on health-care facilities which warrants preparedness.
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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN En 2020, primer año de pandemia (AP) de COVID-19, Argentina focalizó las acciones en la nueva enfermedad y dejó relegado el monitoreo de las otras (noCOV). El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la mortalidad por causas noCOV durante el AP con respecto a los 5 años del período previo a la pandemia (PPP) MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio transversal con fuentes de datos secundarias y base poblacional nacional. Se utilizó la causa básica de muerte, desagregada a nivel de capítulo y grupos según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, 10a revisión. Se estimaron las tasas brutas (TBM) y ajustadas (TAM) de mortalidad, comparando con test t y considerando como significativo un valor p<0,05. Se calculó el exceso de mortalidad (EM) realizando la diferencia entre el número de defunciones noCOV del AP y el intervalo de confianza del 95% superior o inferior de la media de casos del PPP RESULTADOS La TBM disminuyó 9,1%, y el EM fue de -4,5%. Salvo en el caso de la diabetes mellitus y las enfermedades respiratorias sin especificar, la TAM disminuyó significativamente durante el AP. La mayor variación de TBM fue por infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas en menores de 19 años y por accidentes de transporte en adultos de 20 a 59 años y de 60 años o más (reducción de 46,3% y 48,8%, respectivamente) DISCUSIÓN Durante el AP hubo una disminución de la mortalidad por noCOV especialmente en el caso de las infecciones respiratorias agudas y los accidentes de tránsito.
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION During 2020, the first year of the pandemic (YP), Argentina focused the actions on the new disease, leaving aside the monitoring of diseases other than COVID-19 (non-COV). The objective of this work was to compare mortality from non-COV causes during the YP with respect to the 5 years of the pre-pandemic period (PPP) METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data sources and national population-based data. The basic cause of death was disaggregated at the chapter and group level according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Crude (CMR) and adjusted mortality rates (AMR) were estimated, comparing with t-test and considering significant a p-value<0.05. Excess mortality (EM) was calculated as the difference between the number of non-COV deaths in the YP and the upper or lower 95% confidence interval (CI95%) of the mean number of PPP cases RESULTS The CMR decreased by 9.1% and EM was -4.5%. Except for diabetes mellitus and unspecified respiratory diseases, the AMR showed a significant reduction during the YP. The greatest variation of CMR was due to acute lower respiratory infections in people under 19 years of age and due to transport accidents in adults aged 20 to 59 years and adults aged 60 or older (reduction of 46.3% and 48.8%, respectively) DISCUSSION During the YP there was a decrease in mortality due to non-COV causes, especially those related to acute respiratory infections and transport accidents.
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Background: A physically active lifestyle is the cornerstone of good health. A sedentary lifestyle is emerging as a global threat to public health and physical activity is being recommended as an important intervention for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Aim and Objectives: The present study aims to assess the level of physical activity and duration of sitting time among medical undergraduates to guide the formulation of strategies for healthy lifestyles. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical undergraduate students of a teaching hospital in North India. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire regarding the demographic profile, anthropometric parameters, physical activity, and sitting time. The level of physical activity and time spent sitting was assessed using International Physical Activity Questionnaire. R software was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 250 medical students were included with a response rate of 83.3%. Overall, 67.6% of students engaged in moderate levels of physical activity, 21.2% engaged in high levels, and 11.2% engaged in low levels of physical activity. The mean time spent sitting was 8.8 hours/day (males: 8.5 and females: 9.1). It showed a significant association between physical activity and body mass index, with the low prevalence of obesity among students engaged in moderate and high levels of physical activity. Conclusion: The study highlights prolonged sitting as an emerging public health problem where three-fourths of students were spending more than 7 hours/day sitting. However, the majority of students were engaged in moderate to high levels of physical activity.
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Objetivo: sintetizar as evidências científicas sobre a ocorrência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e seus fatores de risco (FR) na população beneficiária do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, cuja busca por publicações de 2004 a 2020 foi feita nas seguintes bases de dados: Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Indice Bibliográico Español en Ciencias de la Salud (IBECS), via Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS); Medline, via Pubmed, SCOPUS (via Portal CAPES); e Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO. Resultados: foram selecionados 23 artigos, os quais foram agrupados em três categorias: 1) Prevalência dos fatores de risco para DCNT em mulheres beneficiárias do PBF: as mulheres beneficiárias apresentaram piores desfechos no consumo de tabaco, menor prática de atividade física, maior prevalência de diabetes, hipertensão e obesidade; 2) Estado nutricional e insegurança alimentar em crianças, adolescentes e famílias beneficiárias do PBF: os estudos apontaram para uma elevada prevalência de obesidade e coexistência de déficit estatural em crianças beneficiárias; e 3) Consumo alimentar de beneficiários do PBF: foi identificado um padrão não saudável de alimentação. Conclusão: usuários do PBF apresentam elevadas prevalências de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e pior padrão alimentar. Esses dados reforçam a importância de o PBF estar sendo direcionado às populações mais vulneráveis, visando mitigar as imensas desigualdades sociais. No entanto, é necessário avançar em outras políticas públicas de proteção social que impactem os determinantes sociais e melhorem a qualidade de vida de extensa camada da população brasileira.(AU)
occurrence and their risk factors (RF) in the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) beneficiary population. Methods: this is an integrative literature review whose search for publications from 2004 to 2020 was carried out in the following databases: Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and Indice Bibliográico Español en Ciencias de la Salud (IBECS), via the Virtual Health Library (VHL); Medline, via Pubmed, Scopus (via Portal CAPES); and Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO. Results: 23 articles were selected and grouped into three categories: 1) Prevalence of risk factors for NCDs in BFP beneficiary women: beneficiary women had worse outcomes in tobacco consumption, lower physical activity, higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity; 2) Nutritional status and food insecurity in BFP beneficiary children, adolescents and families: the studies pointed to a high prevalence of obesity and coexistence of height deficit in beneficiary children; and 3) Food consumption of BFP beneficiaries: an unhealthy eating pattern was identified. Conclusion: BFP users have a high prevalence of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases and worse dietary patterns. These data reinforce the importance of the BFP being directed to the most vulnerable populations, aiming to mitigate the immense social inequalities. However, it is necessary to advance other public policies of social protection that impact the social determinants and improve the life quality of a large part of the Brazilian population.(AU)
Objetivo: sintetizar evidencias científicas sobre la ocurrencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) y sus factores de riesgo (FR) en la población beneficiaria del Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF). Método: se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora, cuya búsqueda de publicaciones entre 2004 y 2020 fue realizada en las bases de datos Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS) e Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud (IBECS) a través de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Medline a través del Pubmed, Scopus (vía Portal CAPES) y Scientific Electronic Library Online - SciELO...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Socioeconomic Factors , Nutrition for Vulnerable Groups , Risk Factors , Feeding Behavior , Social Determinants of Health , Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control , Access to Healthy Foods , Quality of Life , Nutritional StatusABSTRACT
Objetivo: Relatar a experiência vivenciada no encontro sobre a saúde da população indígena Tapeba. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa sobre a Mesa-Redonda intitulada Os problemas vivenciados pelos portadores de Diabetes Mellitus e Hipertensão Arterial Crônica, realizada com profissionais atuantes junto a etnia, pesquisadores e representantes da população indígena Tapeba, Caucaia-Ceará, que ocorreu no Auditório da Escola de Saúde Pública do Ceará, em julho de 2022, com intuito de conhecer as narrativas cotidianas, mesclar saberes tradicional e científico e apreender sobre as Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT). Resultados: Participaram do encontro 22 profissionais de distintas áreas da saúde, observando-se que durante o encontro suscitou diferentes efeitos nos participantes, que se destacaram em três grandes categorias, a saber: 1)motivação de fala, 2) interação e representatividade com os temas ministrados, e 3) insegurança alimentar. Conclusão: O estudo demonstra que as DCNT configuram um problema de saúde em avanço entre as populações indígenas. Representantes do povo Tapeba puderam expor, para além do reconhecimento destes agravos na comunidade, a dificuldade encontrada em apreender as informações recebidas e aderir às orientações, além dos efeitos da pobreza, representadas na insegurança alimentar e desemprego. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Povos Indígenas; Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis; Pobreza; Insegurança Alimentar.
Objective: To report the experience of the meeting on the health of the indigenous population Tapeba. Methods: This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach on the Round Table entitled The problems experienced by the sufferers of Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Arterial Hypertension, carried out with professionals working with the ethnicity, researchers and representatives of the indigenous population Tapeba, Caucaia-Ceará, which took place at the Auditorium of the School of Public Health of Ceará, in July 2022, with the aim of knowing the daily narratives, merging traditional and scientific knowledge and learning about the Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs). Results: 22 professionals from different areas of health participated in the meeting, observing that during the meeting it produced different effects in the participants, which stood out in three major categories, namely: 1)speech motivation, 2) interaction and representativeness with the topics administered, and 3) food insecurity. Conclusion: The study shows that CNCDs are an ongoing health problem among indigenous populations. Representatives of the Tapeba people were able to explain, in addition to recognising these problems in the community, the difficulty they encountered in learning the information received and adhering to the guidelines, as well as the effects of poverty, represented in food insecurity and unemployment.
Propósito: Informar sobre la experiencia de la reunión sobre la salud de la población indígena Tapeba. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con un enfoque cualitativo en la Mesa Redonda titulada Los problemas experimentados por los portadores de diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial crónica, realizado con profesionales que trabajan con la etnia, investigadores y representantes de la población indígena Tapeba, Caucaia-Ceará, que tuvo lugar en el Auditorio de la Escuela de Salud Pública de Ceará, en julio de 2022, con el fin de conocer las narrativas cotidianas, fusionar los conocimientos tradicionales y científicos y aprender sobre la Diversidad Crónica No Transmisible (NSTD). Resultados: 22 profesionales de la salud asistieron a la reunión, señalando que durante la reunión se sintieron diferentes efectos en los participantes, que destacaron en tres grandes categorías, a saber: 1) motivación del discurso, 2) interacción y representatividad con los temas dados, y 3) inseguridad alimentaria. Conclusión: El estudio muestra que los DCNT constituyen por adelantado un problema de salud entre las poblaciones indígenas. Los representantes del pueblo Tapeba han podido explicar, además del reconocimiento de estas agravaciones en la comunidad, las dificultades encontradas para obtener la información recibida y adherirse a las directrices, así como los efectos de la pobreza, representadas en la inseguridad alimentaria y el desempleo.
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As Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis representam um problema de saúde pública a nível mundial, e são resultantes da combinação de distintos fatores de risco, a exemplo a prática insuficiente de atividade física e o uso excessivo de dispositivos eletrônicos. Identificar a frequência da prática de atividade física e do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos e televisão entre estudantes universitários. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa realizado com 87 universitários de uma IES privada do Distrito Federal no segundo semestre de 2020. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante questionário eletrônico estruturado. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado a estatística descritiva através do software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 21.0. Observou-se que 63 (72,4%) estudantes relataram praticar algum tipo de atividade física nos últimos três meses. No que diz respeito a frequência da prática de atividade física, 53 (60,9%) discentes relataram praticar por pelo menos uma vez na semana, e 21 (24,1%) informaram a prática de 3 a 4 dias por semana. Quanto ao uso de dispositivos eletrônicos, observou-se que 80 (92,0%) discentes referiram utilizá-los em seu tempo livre, o tempo de uso mais relatado foi de 2-3 horas. Observou-se uma frequência elevada da utilização de dispositivos eletrônicos e da prática insuficiente de atividade física entre universitários durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Sendo assim, é crucial o estabelecimento de intervenções de promoção para adoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis para este grupo.
Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases represent a public health problem worldwide and are the result of a combination of different risk factors such as insufficient physical activity and excessive use of electronic devices. To identify the frequency of physical activity and the use of electronic devices and television among college students. This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach carried out with 87 university students from a private Higher Education Institution in the Federal District during the second half of 2020. Data collection was performed using a structured electronic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 software. It was observed that 63 (72.4%) students reported practicing some type of physical activity in the last three months. Concerning the frequency of physical activity, 53 (60.9%) students reported practicing at least once a week, and 21 (24.1%) reported practicing 3 to 4 days a week. As for the use of electronic devices, it was observed that 80 (92.0%) students reported using them in their free time, the most reported time of use was 2-3 hours. There was a high frequency of use of electronic devices and insufficient practice of physical activity among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is crucial to establish interventions to promote the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits for this group.